0.242189	0.459538	0.008131	Of what use are the Doppler shifts of the 21-cm radio signals ? a. They let astronomers map the large-scale motion and distribution of gas in the Milky Way’s spiral arms b. They can more easily pick up the heat of brown dwarfs and dark matter c. They are used to study distant stars in the Galaxy’s halo and corona d. They let astronomers “see” into black holes e. They let astronomers learn about the process of star formation	a
0.982123	0.726337	0.013205	Which statement about Population II is incorrect ? a. These older stars are richer in heavier elements made in supernovae b. Its most notable groupings are the globular star clusters c. Its brightest stars are evolved red giants d. They lie anywhere from the galactic nucleus out to deep into the halo e. Its oldest members may be over ten billion years old	a
0.878823	0.070771	0.023372	Why are quasars called “quasi-stellar” ? a. Their spectra strongly resemble the spectra of stars b. They are ordinary stars located at vast distances from Earth c. They looked like stars on early photographs d. Like the stars visible in our night sky, quasars resides within the boundaries of the Milky Way Galaxy e. They are all strong radio sources as well as visible light sources	c
0.129937	0.514216	0.04609	Homogeneity and isotropy, taken as assumptions regarding the structure and evolution of the universe, are known as: a. Olber’s Paradox b. Hubble’s Law c. Wien’s Law d. The Cosmological Principle e. The Grand Unified Theory	d
0.828656	0.948364	0.067771	What does Hubble’s Law imply about the history of the universe ? a. The universe started expanding at some time in the past; the universe has an age b. The universe has been expanding forever; it is infinitely old c. The Milky Way Galaxy is at the focus where the universe started to expand d. That the farthest galaxies are the oldest and most evolved e. Before the universe started this expansion, it had collapsed and expanded many times before	a
0.976041	0.238359	0.080261	Because almost all of the galaxies are redshifted, we know that: a. There was no beginning to time b. We are at or close to the center of the universe c. The universe is expanding d. The sky is dark at night e. All of the above are correct	c
0.435581	0.826307	0.088495	Which of these technological advances would make it harder for extraterrestrial beings to find us ? a. FM radio b. Color Television c. The Global Positioning Satellite Network d. Cable TV e. Geosynchronous Satellites	d
0.753097	0.757547	0.09364	To date, our serious searches for extraterrestrial intelligence have been done almost entirely: a. In Roswell and Gulf Breeze b. With radio telescopes c. With optical telescopes looking for nuclear tests d. With microwaves in the giant molecular clouds e. With infrared telescopes looking for greenhouse gases	b
0.055402	0.706942	0.114154	Which relation matches the rotation of a spiral galaxy to its luminosity ? a. Hertzsprung-Russel diagram b. Hubble’s Law c. Hubble’s Tuning Fork diagram d. The Chandrasekhar limit e. The Tully-Fisher relation	e
0.721569	0.312784	0.1333	For what type of object is the period-luminosity relation used for determining distances ? a. RR Lyrae variables b. T Tauri variables c. Cepheids d. Novae e. Planetary nebulae	c
0.040583	0.37325	0.244968	What did astronomers discover about the spectra of quasars in 1963 ? a. The emission lines were from completely unknown elements b. The absorption lines were similar to those seen in the Sun c. The emission lines were formed in magnetic fields stronger than ever seen before d. They contained normal emission lines that were highly redshifted e. For the first time, stars were discovered to have radio emission lines	d
0.820663	0.312873	0.247246	The Drake Equation estimates a number which is: a. The number of intelligent civilizations in the entire universe b. The number of intelligent, technological civilizations now present in our Galaxy c. The number of stars with habitable planets d. The number of planets with life in the universe e. The number of planets in just our Galaxy	b
0.865258	0.96183	0.249535	The location of the center of the Galaxy was determined by Shapley from observations of: a. Cepheids in open clusters b. RR Lyrae variables in globular clusters c. Herbig-Haro objects in emission nebulae d. Blue supergiants in the spiral arms e. The radio emissions from Sagittarius A	b
0.382243	0.358395	0.256711	The latest data from WMAP indicates that: a. The time since the Big Bang = 13.7 billion years b. The first stars formed 400 million years after the Big Bang c. The universe is flat or Ωo = 1 d. The matter-energy budget for the universe is ordinary matter = 4%; dark matter = 22%; and dark energy = 74% e. All of the above	e
0.188608	0.832312	0.299405	The two most famous irregular galaxies are: a. The Milky Way and M 31 in Andromeda b. The two companions to the Andromeda Galaxy, M 32 and M 101 c. M 81 and M 82 in Ursa Major d. The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds e. The Sagittarius and Canus Major dwarf galaxies	d
0.485462	0.806754	0.305367	Currently, most of the mass of the matter of the universe is believed to consist of: a. Ordinary matter, made up of protons and neutrons b. Dark matter not made up of protons and neutrons c. Tachyonic matter, traveling only faster than the speed of light d. Dark energy e. Tiny but very numerous black holes	b
0.60583	0.894025	0.311881	Which of these seems the best present answer to the horizon and flatness problems ? a. The superforce rules creation b. Dark Energy speeds the universe out to infinity c. A higher form of symmetry in creation of particles and antiparticles d. The Inflationary Epoch e. The GUT Theory	d
0.889281	0.115598	0.34601	Which of these was NOT one of the text’s criteria for life ? a. The ability to react to the environment b. The ability to grow, taking in nourishment and generating energy with it c. The ability to communicate with other living beings d. The ability to reproduce e. The ability to evolve via genetic changes over generations	c
0.599465	0.703585	0.402638	For a Hubble constant of about 70 km/sec-Mpc, we get a Hubble Time of: a. 4.5 billion years b. 11 billion years c. 14 billion years d. 17.6 billion years e. 21.4 billion years	c
0.48855	0.869735	0.416708	A galaxy is at a distance of one billion light years. Which of the following is true ? a. We see the galaxy the way it will be in one billion years b. We see the galaxy the way it was one billion years ago c. We see the galaxy the way it was when the universe was one billion years old d. We see what our galaxy will be like in one billion years e. We have no knowledge of anything at that distance	b
0.346225	0.427079	0.429025	Which of the following paraphrases Hubble’s Law ? a. The faster the galaxy spins, the more massive and luminous it is b. The greater the distance to a galaxy, the greater its redshift c. The greater the distance to a galaxy, the fainter it is d. The more distant a galaxy is, the younger it appears e. The older the galaxy appears to us, the more luminous it is	b
0.72652	0.362779	0.448306	The look-back time of an object is directly related to its: a. Mass b. Distance c. Luminosity d. Size e. Composition	b
0.576502	0.194995	0.489631	How hot was the universe at time zero ? a. 2.73 K b. 5,800 K c. 16,000 K d. 10^32 K e. We have no theory capable of addressing the situation at time zero	e
0.062161	0.064194	0.542762	Quasars usually have their distances measured by what technique ? a. Type II supernovae b. Cepheids c. Parallax d. Hubble’s Law e. Tully-Fisher relation	d
0.645385	0.694592	0.566138	The darkness of the night sky in a seemingly infinite universe is addressed in: a. The Doppler shift b. The parallax shift c. Stefan’s Law d. Olber’s Paradox e. The Cosmological Principle	d
0.5152	0.836806	0.602868	The ratio of the universe’s actual density to the critical density is: a. ρcritical b. π/ρ c. Ωo d. H/D e. I/H	c
0.952531	0.498847	0.624093	The first reasonably accurate determination of the speed of light was made by: a. Galileo in Pisa b. Shapley using RR Lyrae stars c. Analyzing the rotation curves of Seyfert galaxies d. Newton on theoretical grounds e. Roemer using eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter	e
0.542368	0.121799	0.661094	That some spirals have unusually luminous nuclei was discovered by: a. Vesto Slipher b. Edwin Hubble c. Frank Drake d. Carl Seyfert e. William Herschel	d
0.338485	0.075113	0.673466	The lensing of a distant quasar is produced by ____________ of a foreground galaxy. a. All the normal matter and dark matter b. Only the mass of the black hole in the nucleus c. An individual star d. A pulsar’s intense magnetic field e. A relativistic jet	a
0.603421	0.777174	0.698021	Collisions between galaxies can: a. Turn irregulars into ellipticals b. Cause both galaxies to collapse into a supermassive black hole c. Cause bursts of star formation as starburst galaxies d. Cause large numbers of stars to collide and explode e. Hardly ever occur; like stars, galaxies are far apart compared to their sizes	c
0.173094	0.66393	0.732609	What property is common to all spiral galaxies ? a. A very flat bluish disk, comparable to the dimensions of the halo b. Ongoing star formation, chiefly in the spiral arms c. Abundant interstellar gas, chiefly in the spiral arms d. They are richer in metals than indicated by the spectra of elliptical galaxies e. All of the above are correct	e
0.544757	0.24936	0.738033	While Vesto Slipher’s observations showed galaxies were red shifted, the distance-velocity correlation is now known as: a. Relativistic Redshifts b. The Cosmological Constant c. Hubble’s Law d. The Cosmological Principle e. Olber’s Paradox	c
0.862574	0.885645	0.789765	Which statement about Population I is incorrect ? a. The bright blue stars that dominate the night sky belong to it b. The Sun is one of its older members c. Their orbits lie close to the plane of the Galaxy d. Its stars surround the Galaxy in the extended halo e. Its stars are richer in heavier elements made in supernovae	d
0.180643	0.509174	0.790056	Of the normal elements around us, the Big Bang produced: a. None, only energy b. Only hydrogen c. Hydrogen and Helium d. All elements up to iron e.